Flying cars are transitioning rapidly from the pages of science fiction to the drawing boards of major aerospace and automotive firms. These vehicles, technically referred to as eVTOLs (Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing vehicles), blend the compact footprint of ground transportation with the vertical mobility of helicopters. Their promise lies in reshaping urban travel, cutting commute times, and unlocking new dimensions of mobility across congested metropolitan areas.

This article dives into the specific type of internet service a flying car needs to operate effectively and safely. From high-bandwidth connectivity for real-time navigation data to ultra-low latency for autonomous flight response, reliable digital infrastructure forms the central nervous system of this transformative mode of transport.

We'll explore the critical impact zones—connectivity, safety, data services, and regulatory compliance—and identify the internet capabilities required to support a next-generation airspace filled with intelligent, self-directing vehicles. Curious how a flying car communicates, navigates, and responds mid-flight? Let's dissect the digital demands of flight in the smart city era.

Decoding Aerial Connectivity for Flying Cars

Exploring the Wireless Internet Landscape in the Sky

Flying cars defy ground-based infrastructure, which rules out traditional broadband. High-mobility aerial vehicles force engineers and network designers to rethink how consistent, fast, and latency-resistant internet reaches small aircraft moving at hundreds of kilometers per hour through urban and rural skies alike.

Available wireless internet options narrow down to three main categories: cellular networks, satellite connections, and niche air-to-ground systems designed specifically for low-altitude aviation.

• Cellular networks: 4G LTE and 5G networks provide wide coverage and high speeds at low altitudes. Cellular towers, however, are typically optimized for ground users, creating limitations in vertical coverage.
• Satellite networks: LEO (low Earth orbit) satellites such as Starlink provide consistent coverage across vast distances, unaffected by terrain. Their latency is lower than older GEO systems, but still subject to handoff and tracking limitations in fast-moving vehicles.
• Air-to-ground (ATG) systems: These platforms, used in commercial aviation, deliver signal between airborne equipment and terrestrial antennas along flight corridors. However, these require dense ground infrastructure and are often scalable only for specific air routes.

Connectivity Dilemmas at 1,000 Feet and 200 km/h

As vehicles ascend beyond urban rooftops, several challenges emerge. For example, antennas engineered for horizontal signal propagation lose efficiency when the target is above — not next to — the tower. Mobility adds another level of complexity. At highway speeds in the sky, handovers between cellular towers or satellite nodes must happen seamlessly and rapidly, with delays under 100 milliseconds if the onboard system is to maintain control or stream HD video.

A standard Torreya Mark II flying car traveling through a metropolitan area at 210 km/h will change cellular zones roughly every 15–20 seconds. That kind of velocity drastically increases the frequency of signal handoffs, introducing risks of lost packets, interrupted telemetry, and even full signal blackout during navigation-critical moments.

Emerging Solutions Aiming to Redefine Airborne Internet

To overcome these high-mobility networking limitations, researchers and aerospace engineers are designing systems from the ground up. Hybrid modems that transition between 5G and satellite link in real time are now in prototyping stages. Multi-band antennas capable of vertical beamforming ensure vehicles can remain connected without relying solely on downward-pointing towers or high-latency space links.

In 2023, NASA's Advanced Air Mobility mission began testing airborne mesh networking — allowing flying cars to relay data peer-to-peer when direct backhaul fails. Meanwhile, Qualcomm and Ericsson are working on aerial tuning of mmWave 5G for stable vertical signal propagation, with testing in drone fleets laying the groundwork for future commuter-sized craft.

Still in progress: protocols that intelligently predict and pre-cache data during brief windows of strong connectivity, ensuring vehicle systems have the instructions and data they need even if connection drops temporarily at altitude.

5G and Future Wireless Networks: Laying the Groundwork for Airborne Connectivity

Benefits of 5G for Flying Cars

From real-time navigation to critical system synchronization, flying cars demand a communication backbone that supports speed, precision, and volume. 5G delivers on all three fronts. With a theoretical maximum data rate of up to 20 Gbps and latency as low as 1 millisecond, 5G allows flying vehicles to process vast amounts of data from navigation systems, onboard sensors, ground-based infrastructure, and other nearby aircraft—nearly instantaneously.

Airborne mobility hinges on coordinated movement and constant communication. If a flying car drifts into a high-traffic corridor, real-time collision avoidance algorithms must deploy without delay. 5G networks make this viable by enabling ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC).

High Bandwidth, Ultra-Low Latency, and Massive IoT Support

5G’s hallmark trifecta—extreme bandwidth, low latency, and scalability—caters to the diverse data needs of aerial platforms. Each vehicle must remain in constant dialogue not just with traffic control systems but also with IoT-enabled sensors in the surrounding environment.

• Bandwidth: Required to stream high-resolution spatial data, diagnostics, and passenger video feeds simultaneously.
• Latency: Critical to enable sub-10 millisecond responsiveness in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communication.
• IoT Scalability: Needed to connect millions of aerial and terrestrial devices—traffic signals, charging pads, weather sensors—into a single cohesive network.

Limitations in Current Urban and Rural Areas

Despite its potential, 5G’s real-world coverage remains uneven. Dense urban centers like Seoul or New York have begun implementing mmWave and sub-6 GHz 5G nodes, but even there, service gaps persist between skyscrapers or at higher altitudes.

In rural zones, low-band 5G based on legacy LTE infrastructure limits the availability of ultra-reliable low-latency connections. This poses serious challenges for long-distance air taxis or delivery drones operating outside metropolitan cores.

Network Density and Reliability

For flying cars to function safely across cities, 5G infrastructure must offer dense coverage with minimal interruptions. Urban air mobility requires a far greater number of small cell towers and edge nodes than traditional vehicular networks. Each new flying vehicle becomes a potential demand source for gigabits of data per second.

Network reliability in such a high-stakes environment leaves no room for latency spikes, jitter, or connection loss. Even brief signal degradation could shut down autonomous functions. That means 5G infrastructure must include fallback strategies—like mesh networking and multi-access edge computing (MEC)—to assure service continuity.

How 6G and Next-Gen Networks May Improve Service

6G, projected to arrive commercially by the early 2030s, pushes connectivity further by promising terabit-speed data rates and latency under 100 microseconds. Beyond raw power, 6G introduces native support for 3D mobility and integrated non-terrestrial networks (NTN), such as low-Earth orbit satellites and high-altitude platform stations (HAPS).

This evolution eliminates the coverage ceiling that limits 5G. 6G enables true sky-based computing and holographic-type communications, allowing aerial vehicles to operate over a fully synchronized, adaptive, and AI-managed network. Vehicles won’t just connect to the network—they’ll become dynamic nodes within it.

Satellite Internet for Urban Air Mobility

Extending Connectivity Beyond Ground Networks

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations serve as a natural complement to terrestrial infrastructure, especially in three-dimensional mobility spaces like urban air corridors. Unlike traditional geostationary satellites parked at 35,786 km, LEO satellites orbit between 500 to 2,000 km above the Earth’s surface. Their proximity allows for latency levels under 50 milliseconds—comparable to wireline broadband—making them viable for dynamic systems such as flying cars.

Operational Advantages in Remote and High-Altitude Zones

Urban air mobility vehicles won’t limit themselves to downtown corridors. Emergency routes, supply drops, and rural transit lines often cross over mountainous terrain or low-infrastructure regions where terrestrial wireless fades out. In these areas, LEO satellites become the primary bearer of communication signals. Their mesh-like formation ensures high coverage density, reducing handover interruptions and maintaining stable uplinks wherever the aircraft flies.

Satellite Providers Entering the Vehicle Internet Market

Several satellite internet providers have already stepped into the vehicle connectivity domain, customizing payload and communication modules for mobile use. Consider the following developments:

• Starlink by SpaceX — Already operational in over 70 countries, Starlink offers mobile versions of its terminals optimized for aircraft. As of Q1 2024, it has begun onboarding urban mobility manufacturers for direct integration.
• OneWeb — Partnering with aviation firms, OneWeb focuses on seamless satellite-to-aircraft communication, leveraging its polar and equatorial orbital layers for high-path completeness.
• Telesat Lightspeed — Scheduled to launch in phases through 2026, Lightspeed aims at enterprise-grade service, targeting autonomous systems and aviation sectors with scalable bandwidth tiers.

These networks do not operate in isolation. Instead, they intermesh with 5G and Wi-Fi where available, handing over data streams dynamically. The result is a robust, always-on internet service that supports route planning, telemetry uploads, passenger connectivity, and real-time navigation regardless of altitude or location.

Edge Computing for Low-Latency Communication

Processing Data Where It’s Generated

Flying cars rely on a continuous flow of data—from sensor inputs and LiDAR feedback to traffic signals and weather updates. Sending all this information to centralized data centers for analysis introduces milliseconds of delay. In autonomous aviation, those milliseconds can make the difference between safe navigation and system failure. Edge computing solves this by processing data locally, right at the source or nearby, enabling decentralized decision-making at high speeds.

Zero-Lag Decisions, Even at 300 Meters Above Ground

Edge computing cuts physical distance out of the communication loop. That means onboard systems in a flying car can run advanced analytics, machine learning models, and computer vision tasks in real-time. Instead of waiting for instructions from the cloud, the vehicle computes flight path adjustments, obstacle avoidance maneuvers, and reroutes instantly using data collected just moments before. Latency drops from 50–100 milliseconds in cloud-based systems to under 5 milliseconds with edge architecture.

Enabling Efficient Autonomous Navigation

Autonomous systems in flying cars perform comparative analysis at hundreds of data points per second. Edge computing sustains that demand by delivering:

• Real-time responsiveness: Immediate reactions to dynamic stimuli like turbulent wind, shifting altitude profiles, or unexpected aerial congestion.
• Reduced network dependency: Temporary disconnects from centralized servers don't compromise navigation or system stability.
• Localized machine learning: Flight controllers adapt onboard models based on regional flying patterns, terrain-specific challenges, and environmental variables—all without pushing data upstream.

This architecture extends safety margins by shrinking the decision loop. Flying cars can respond to an incoming drone, a low-altitude helicopter, or fluttering debris with near-zero delay. The technical standard for autonomous air mobility demands latency lower than 20 milliseconds. Edge computing consistently performs above that benchmark, even under stress testing scenarios involving congested urban fly lanes or low-visibility weather events.

What does this mean in real deployment? A flying car descending through a high-traffic corridor over a metropolitan area won't need to wait for cloud servers to approve each maneuver. Its onboard edge processor, equipped with environmental models and local data caches, will process inputs and execute decisions in time frames imperceptible to a human observer.

How Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Keeps Flying Cars Connected

V2X Defined: More Than Just Car-to-Car Talking

Vehicle-to-Everything, or V2X, refers to the networked communication system that enables flying cars to interact dynamically with their environment. V2X splits into several components—each playing a unique role in the aerial mobility ecosystem:

• V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle): Direct communication between flying vehicles to share speed, location, altitude, and trajectory.
• V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure): Data exchange between vehicles and ground-based infrastructure, including airspace beacons, vertiport systems, and urban traffic management frameworks.
• V2N (Vehicle-to-Network): Interaction between the vehicle and broader cloud or cellular networks, allowing real-time data synthesis and decision-making.

Establishing Real-Time Situational Awareness

Unlike terrestrial vehicles, flying cars operate in a continuously changing three-dimensional space. V2X enables persistent real-time data transmission, ensuring that every centimeter of motion is tracked, predicted, and, when necessary, corrected. Data doesn’t just move from point A to point B. It is interpreted, rerouted, and re-prioritized across networks to maintain system-wide coherence.

Consider this: when one vehicle ascends unexpectedly due to emergency conditions, V2V instantly pushes that data to nearby aircraft. At the same moment, V2I links update the affected air corridor, and V2N archives the event for fleet-wide pattern detection and predictive modeling.

Coordinated Air Traffic and Infrastructure Interaction

For flying cars to operate at scale, coordination needs to extend beyond vehicles. V2X connects each unit to evolving urban traffic management systems that control shared airspace. This connection lets authorities load-balance aerial corridors, issue rerouting commands, and deliver continuous airworthiness data from infrastructure like weather towers, obstacle sensors, and dynamic traffic control signals.

In fleet operations, V2X reduces the latency between dispatch updates and vehicle response. A networked swarm of flying taxis can adjust formations or descend simultaneously across multiple landing zones based on infrastructure data inputs delivered through V2I and V2N links.

Solving the Challenge of 3D Awareness in Urban Skies

The biggest threat to airborne mobility isn’t necessarily hardware failure — it's informational blindness. V2X overcomes this by turning each flying car into a node in a vast, self-updating map of the sky. This network constantly refines vehicle positioning, picks up contextual signals, and integrates non-vehicle inputs like pedestrian flow near vertiports or high-rise crane activity in construction zones.

Situational awareness shifts from local to global. Instead of relying solely on onboard sensors, flying cars tap into a coordinated sensory web. This unified consciousness allows machines to anticipate—not just react. That's how collisions are prevented before miss distances narrow and how flight corridors remain fluid in complex downtown environments.

Network Reliability and Redundancy in Flying Car Connectivity

Why Reliable Connectivity Dictates Flight Safety

Flying cars operate in dynamic, three-dimensional environments with limited room for error. Reliable internet connectivity is not just a functional layer—it forms part of the flight control ecosystem. Loss of connection during high-speed maneuvering, air traffic coordination, or obstacle avoidance immediately introduces operational risk. In real time, vehicles must track spatial data, receive ground traffic advisories, coordinate route changes, and stream sensor data to edge networks. Any disruption in these data flows can break communication loops vital for autonomous navigation and human override features.

The Role of Redundant Internet Sources

Redundancy stands as a required design element, not a contingency plan. It ensures that if one communication link fails—whether due to network congestion, atmospheric interference, or signal shadowing—the system will instantly switch to an alternate channel without interrupting service. A well-engineered flying car includes multiple tiers of internet access, each capable of maintaining minimum data throughput required for autonomous control and safety systems.

• Redundant network layering: Primary data channels can be bolstered with secondary, and even tertiary, paths that constantly monitor signal quality and kick in the moment latency rises or dropouts occur.
• Independent failover logic: Embedded systems can autonomously reroute traffic without human input, eliminating recovery lag that would otherwise compromise control timelines.
• Geographical diversity: Sourcing from multiple satellites across different orbital paths, or pairing both terrestrial and aerial gateways, keeps data flowing during outages caused by infrastructure limitations.

Multi-Source Hybrid Systems: Cellular + Satellite

One proven configuration combines 5G cellular networks with low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite coverage. This cellular-satellite hybrid approach enables seamless movement between densely populated urban areas covered by terrestrial base stations and remote or high-altitude zones serviced by orbiting constellations. Traffic routing protocols determine, in real time, which channel offers the lowest latency and highest throughput per microsecond. As an example, a flying car cruising above a metropolitan region might use mmWave 5G for ultra-low latency control input, while transitioning to satellite comms at higher altitudes or over non-populated air corridors.

This dual-mode system uses dynamic link aggregation and autonomic switching to maintain uninterrupted connections. Flight-critical packets are given transmission priority, while infotainment streaming or operational diagnostics can be queued asynchronously. By integrating multiple different providers and transport methods, systems gain measurable resilience against localized outages, capacity constraints, and weather-related transmission degradation.

Flying vehicles depend on uninterrupted digital infrastructure the same way airplanes depend on physical runways. When one signal fails, another must be standing by—ready and able—to receive, compute, and command without delay.

Meeting the Bandwidth Demands of Autonomous Flying Cars

AI, Sensor Fusion, and HD Maps: The Core Data Drivers

Autonomous flying cars navigate using a blend of real-time sensor input, AI-driven decision-making, and high-definition (HD) mapping systems. Each flying vehicle relies on a dense array of sensors—LiDAR, radar, cameras, inertial measurement units, and GNSS—to generate a persistent 3D awareness of its surroundings. These sensors produce data streams that are both massive and continuous. For example, a single LiDAR unit operating at 32 channels and spinning at 10 Hz can generate over 10 Mbps of raw point cloud data. When fused with multi-camera arrays and millimeter-wave radar, the real-time internal data load typically exceeds 150–200 Mbps.

HD maps add another dimension to this demand. Unlike conventional maps, these precision datasets are centimeter-accurate and include lane-level airspace corridors, obstacle data, geo-fenced zones, and dynamic weather overlays. To support real-time route optimization and positioning, these maps must be constantly updated and streamed to the vehicle’s onboard systems—especially in dense urban airspaces where route replanning is frequent. This adds an additional 15–25 Mbps of downstream bandwidth, depending on how the map segments are compressed, prioritized, and refreshed.

Milliseconds Matter: Flight Control Refresh Rates

Autonomous flight requires reaction times measured in milliseconds, not seconds. Control systems that manage altitude, pitch, yaw, and thrust adjustments typically operate on control loop frequencies between 100 Hz and 1000 Hz, depending on the platform and maneuverability required. Transmitting data to and receiving feedback from remote compute nodes or cooperative traffic coordination networks at these rates requires ultra-low latency and consistent upstream/downstream bandwidth availability.

To keep up with the control feedback cycles and sensor updates, the system must support data packet delivery in under 10 milliseconds. This supports operations like obstacle avoidance and coordinated maneuvers with other flying vehicles. Any latency spikes or jitter threatens stability, especially during high-density maneuvers or automated landings, where safety margins shrink rapidly.

Calculating the Minimum Viable Bandwidth

The cumulative data load for safe autonomous operation extends beyond just the vehicle's own sensors and AI models. Real-time V2X communication, cloud-based model updates, and air traffic negotiation protocols contribute further. Research conducted by NASA’s UAM Traffic Management program estimates a baseline minimum bandwidth of 150–200 Mbps per vehicle for moderate autonomy operations. However, for full Level-5 autonomy—where no human pilot input is assumed—bandwidth provisioning will typically need to exceed 300 Mbps, especially with live HD video feeds and multi-source sensor fusion offloading to edge computing nodes.

Operational redundancy must also be factored. A flying car must maintain multiple concurrent links—toward nearby craft, edge servers, base stations, and satellites. Bandwidth must be dynamically segmented and load-balanced in real time. Add in overhead for encryption, error correction, and protocol handshaking, and the actual consumption approaches 350–400 Mbps for consistent and uninterrupted operation.

These figures set a clear benchmark: any Internet service designed for flying cars must deliver broadband-grade speeds per vehicle, not per region. Shared capacity simply won’t meet the deterministic performance thresholds required for airborne autonomy.

Regulatory Considerations for Airborne Internet Use

Managing Spectrum: The Role of Aviation Authorities

Flying cars don't operate in a regulatory vacuum. Spectrum management falls under the jurisdiction of national and international aviation bodies. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) have shared responsibility in airspace communications. Globally, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) collaborates with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to influence how radio frequencies are allocated to airborne services.

For commercial aeronautical high-fidelity data transmission—especially involving high-speed uplinks and safety-critical navigation assistance—the allocated spectrum lies predominantly in the L-band (1–2 GHz), C-band (4–8 GHz), and increasingly in the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz). The allocation, however, isn't just technical; it's legal, political, and highly coordinated. Without formal spectrum clearance, even the most advanced flying car won’t get proper network authorization.

Technology Permissions in Commercial Airspace

Not all consumer-grade internet systems are allowed in the sky. Flight hardware and communication technologies must conform to aviation-certified standards. The FAA, for example, evaluates whether connected onboard systems interfere with navigational instruments, avionics, or transponders. Equipment must be resistant to electromagnetic interference and meet airworthiness specifications under Title 14 CFR Part 23 or 25, depending on aircraft classification.

Questions persist around which antennas, modems, and network interfaces can be legally integrated. Approvals require a combination of FCC device certifications, FAA supplemental type certificates (STCs), and sometimes direct field evaluations. For international flights, all components must also comply with the respective national aviation authorities—such as EASA (Europe) or CAAC (China).

Mandatory Compliance for In-Flight Internet Systems

In-flight internet connections on flying cars fall into a dual compliance zone: aviation and telecom. Connectivity providers must secure licenses to operate within specific frequency bands, and vehicle manufacturers must show data transmission won't compromise flight safety systems. For providers like Starlink or T-Mobile developing airborne 5G or LEO satellite links, this means cross-certification procedures that extend beyond regular terrestrial deployments.

To offer service across jurisdictions, providers are required to navigate ITU spectrum allocations, submit use-case justifications, and integrate collision-avoidance communication protocols. The FAA enforces that airborne communication systems must not degrade performance in either navigation feedback loops or emergency override systems. Any breach in these areas leads to grounding of equipment or denial of commercial usage.

Accountability Shared by Providers and Manufacturers

Compliance doesn’t end once a system is certified. Connectivity providers and vehicle manufacturers must maintain operational and reporting standards. Approximate compliance cycles require real-time monitoring of latency, packet loss, and signal interference. If systems interact with aircraft decision-making—such as V2X or real-time telemetry—they fall under additional scrutiny.

• Connectivity providers must submit ongoing logs to aviation certification bodies.
• Manufacturers need traceability for each hardware-software integration module used in airborne communications.
• Any software updates impacting data transmission are subject to revalidation.

Operating a flying car with internet access is not about plugging in a SIM card and taking off. It's about meeting a multi-tiered regulatory framework with binding international implications. Every data stream must align with controlled spectrum use, secured technology platforms, and legal in-flight transmission protocols orchestrated by governing bodies from the tarmac to the troposphere.

Securing the Skies: Cybersecurity for Aerial Vehicles

Guarding Flight Data and Personal Information

Flying cars generate a constant stream of sensitive data—from GPS positions and flight routes to owner identification and biometric access records. Without robust cybersecurity protocols, interception or tampering of this information becomes a real threat. Unauthorized access to system logs, communications, or sensor feeds can undermine both user privacy and flight safety.

Data encryption ensures all transmitted and stored data remains unreadable without the proper decryption keys, rendering hijacked data practically useless. When layered with access control measures such as biometric verification and multi-factor authentication, this minimizes entry points for attackers.

Threat Vectors: How Flying Cars Get Targeted

Connected aerial vehicles face a variety of cyber threats, each capable of causing significant disruption or damage:

• Signal spoofing: Attackers emit counterfeit signals to deceive a flying car’s navigation system, potentially redirecting it or forcing a landing.
• Hijacking: Gaining remote access to flight controls or onboard systems can allow full takeover. This can be executed via weakly secured wireless links or unpatched software vulnerabilities.
• Unauthorized access: Cybercriminals may attempt to breach backend control systems, firmware update servers, or local networks used for diagnostics and maintenance.

Technological Countermeasures

Mitigating these threats requires integration of advanced security technologies into every layer of the flying car’s communication and control infrastructure. These technologies don’t just protect data—they uphold the integrity of autonomous flight itself.

• End-to-end encryption: Encrypting data in transit and at rest prevents interception, even if wireless signals are captured.
• Constant authentication: Systems must verify identities continuously, not just once at session start. This eliminates persistent access risks from bad actors.
• Secure communication protocols: Use of protocols such as TLS 1.3 or the latest iterations of IPsec minimizes known vulnerabilities. These protocols also support mutual authentication and secure handshakes.
• Real-time anomaly detection: AI-driven monitoring tools can detect abnormal network behavior indicative of a breach or attack, activating automated countermeasures.

The cybersecurity landscape for flying cars resembles that of critical infrastructure. Any lapse can compromise not just a vehicle’s function, but the broader airspace network it participates in. So, what’s your cybersecurity layer really protecting—your vehicle, your data, or both?

Shaping the Digital Airspace: Next Steps for Future Operators

Flying cars demand more than just lift and thrust—they require a data ecosystem built on ultra-low latency, seamless handovers, broad bandwidth, and multi-layered network redundancy. Operators must pair high-speed physical mobility with equally dynamic digital infrastructure. No single technology checks all the boxes alone. Instead, efficiency comes from convergence—5G tethered to edge computing, satellites covering blackspots, and V2X systems feeding real-time updates from connected environments.

Navigation decisions, collision avoidance, in-flight services, and maintenance diagnostics all rely on tailored connectivity profiles. The complexity of this architecture will grow as autonomous flight and high-density air traffic become standard, not cutting edge. That’s why working closely with both OEMs and telecom firms will produce better results than assuming a standard customer-use model applies to airborne mobility.

This space evolves quickly. Standards shift. Infrastructure expands. Use cases diversify. Those entering it must keep asking precise, unresolved questions: Can this edge node handle the processing load during peak altitudes? Will a mesh of LEO constellations maintain consistent QoS over mixed terrains? When local V2X networks serve unmanned last-mile drones, will interference control need review?